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Bilingual Grammar Glossary
for Japan / 英語文法用語
Useful
terminology for teachers and learners of English /
学習者 ・教授側にとって便利な文法用語集
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Page Contents
内容一覧 |
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Parts of
Speech
品詞
|
| Article
冠詞 |
Noun
名詞 |
Pronoun
代名詞 |
Verb
動詞 |
| Adverb
副詞 |
Adjective
形容詞 |
Preposition
前置詞 |
Conjunction
接続詞 |
| Interjection
感嘆詞 |
Numeral
数詞 |
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| Article |
冠詞 |
|
| Indefinite article |
不定冠詞 |
There's a pen on the table. |
| Definite article |
定冠詞
|
The pen is
mine. |
| Zero article |
無冠詞
|
Planning
is important. |
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| Noun |
名詞 |
|
| Singular noun |
名詞の単数形 |
boy, box, baby, child, antenna,
phenomenon |
| Plural noun |
名詞の複数形 |
boys,
boxes, babies, children, antennae,
phenomena |
| Countable noun |
可算名詞 |
one apple, two
apples |
| Uncountable noun |
不可算名詞 |
some rice, some mayonnaise |
| Collective noun |
集合名詞 |
furniture, cutlery, equipment |
| Concrete noun |
具象名詞 |
apple,
computer |
| Abstract noun |
抽象名詞 |
honesty, love,
fear, happiness |
| Compound noun |
複合名詞 |
bookshelf,
word-processor, post office |
| Common noun |
普通名詞 |
apple,
computer |
| Proper noun |
固有名詞 |
Linda
has a house in London. |
| Partitives, units
& quantity |
部分語・
単位を表すことば |
Partitives
express a part of a whole. They also enable us to quantify uncountable
nouns, e.g. two rices, two bags
of rice |
none
of the adults, some of the boys, all
of the girls, both of the brothers, neither
of the sisters, etc.
(See
also quantifiers.) |
| a
box of chocolates, a carton
of milk, a bottle of Scotch, a jar
of peanut butter, a can of soda, a tub
of ice cream, a cup of coffee, a piece
of cheesecake, a bag of peanuts, a packet
of chewing gum, a tube of toothpaste, a roll
of film, a tin of paint, a pack
of cards, a bunch of grapes, a whole
bunch of paparazzi, a company of
girl guides, a gang of thieves, a flock
of sheep, a herd of cows, a pack
of hounds, a school or shoal
of fish, a set of rules, a bouquet
of flowers, a swarm of mosquitoes, etc. |
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| Pronoun |
代名詞 |
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| Demonstrative
pronoun |
指示代名詞 |
This
was fun. That was boring. |
| Indefinite
pronoun |
不定代名詞 |
Some
were good. Nobody is there. Is there any? |
| Interrogative
pronoun |
疑問の代名詞 |
What? Which? Who? Whom? |
| Personal
pronoun (subjective) |
人称代名詞
(主格) |
I, you, he, she, it, we, you (pl.), they |
| Personal
pronoun (objective) |
人称代名詞
(目的格) |
me,
you, him, her, it, us, you (pl.), them |
| Possessive pronoun |
所有代名詞 |
The car is mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs. |
| Reflexive
pronoun |
再帰代名詞 |
Bill
burned himself on the hot iron. |
| Emphasizing
pronoun |
強調再帰代名詞 |
The
Queen herself visited the disaster victims. |
| Relative pronoun |
関係代名詞 |
The man who/that
won. The prize which/that he won. |
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| Verb |
動詞 |
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| Finite
verb |
定形動詞 |
A
verb form the use of which which is limited by subject and tense, e.g. I
go, he goes,
she went,
they have
gone. |
| Infinite
verb |
不定形動詞 |
A
verb form the use of which is unrestricted by subject or tense. In
English this means the infinitive, the gerund and the participle. |
| Infinitive |
不定詞 |
|
|
Bare infinitive
|
原形不定詞
|
She can drink coffee. |
|
to-infinitive |
to付き不定詞 |
She
stopped to drink coffee. |
| Gerund |
動名詞 |
She stopped drinking coffee. |
| Present
participle |
現在分詞 |
Charlie
is playing golf now. |
| Past
participle |
過去分詞 |
Emmy
has played already. |
| 3rd person singular |
三人称単数形 |
He likes cooking. She watches
TV. |
| Regular verb |
規則動詞 |
She
walks, she walked, she has walked |
| Irregular verb |
不規則動詞
|
I swim,
I swam, I have swum |
| Auxiliary verb |
助動詞 |
I have won! He is
eating. Do you smoke? |
Modal auxiliary verb
(+ bare infinitive) |
法助動詞
（＋動詞の原形） |
You must
(had
to) go. We can (could) drive. He may (might)
come. They will (would) win. I shall
(should) write to the manager. You ought
to complain. |
Verb of
perception
(+ adjective) |
知覚動詞 |
She seems
reliable, appears confident and sounds
interesting. The food looks good, smells
delicious and tastes superb. |
| Action
verb |
動作動詞 |
動作動詞は単純時制、進行形ともに使われる |
| Action
verbs are used in both the simple and continuous tenses:
Jane plays chess. She is
playing chess now. |
| State
(or stative) verb |
状態動詞 |
状態動詞は一般的に進行形では使われない |
| State
verbs are generally not used in the continuous tenses: Jane belongs to the chess club. Membership costs
just $20 a year. Some people dislike
playing chess while others love it. |
| Transitive verb |
他動詞 |
The company raised
its prices. |
| Intransitive verb |
自動詞 |
Prices
rose. |
| Passive voice |
受動態 |
Prices were raised. |
| Phrasal
verb |
句動詞 |
His car broke down and his marriage broke
up. |
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| Adverb |
副詞 |
|
| Positive
adverb |
原級副詞 |
Jenny works hard and carefully. |
| Comparative
adverb |
比較級副詞 |
Kate works even harder and more carefully
than Jenny. |
| Superlative
adverb |
最上級副詞
|
Pam works (the) hardest and most
carefully. |
| Adverb of
degree |
度合を表す副詞 |
Jack is quite short but rather
chubby. |
| Adverb of frequency |
頻度を表す副詞 |
I never smoke but I sometimes
drink alcohol. |
| Adverb of manner |
様相を表す副詞 |
Anne drives slowly but safely. |
| Adverb of
place |
場所を表す副詞 |
He ran away. She lives abroad. |
| Adverb of
time |
時間を表す副詞 |
Today he is still
unwell. |
| Interrogative
adverb |
疑問の副詞 |
Why/when/where/how
did he go? |
| Relative
adverb |
関係副詞 |
The town where I was born. |
| Sentence
adverb |
文副詞 |
Hopefully she'll come. She definitely
ought to. |
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| Adjective |
形容詞 |
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| Correct
order of adjectives |
形容詞の正しい順序 |
意見
大きさ 形
年齢 濃淡
色
模様 出身（原産）
材料（原料） |
Opinion
size shape
age shade
color
pattern
origin material |
|
I have a lovely large
round new bright
red and white striped
Spanish cotton
tablecloth. |
| Attributive
adjective |
限定用法の形容詞 |
The late
train (= scheduled later than others).
A heavy
drinker (= he drank a lot of alcohol). |
| Predicative
adjective |
叙述用法の形容詞 |
The train was late
(= delayed).
The drinker was heavy
(= he weighed a lot). |
| Positive
adjective |
原級形容詞 |
Dick is kind
and generous. |
| Comparative
adjective |
比較級形容詞 |
Dan is even kinder and more
generous than Dick. |
| Superlative
adjective |
最上級形容詞 |
Dave is (the) kindest and most
generous. |
| Interrogative
adjective |
疑問の形容詞 |
Whose party? Which
restaurant? What
time? |
| Demonstrative
adjective |
指示 |
This/that book. These/those
pens. |
| Distributive
adjective |
配分形容詞 |
Each/every/either/neither
girl. All/both boys. |
| Possessive
adjective |
所有形容詞 |
My/your/his/her/its/our/their
eyes. |
| Determiner |
限定詞 |
A
word
used to narrow or define the scope of a noun,
such as a numeral, an article,
or the demonstrative, distributive and possessive adjectives
above. |
| Quantifier |
数量詞 |
A
quantifier is either a distributive adjective
or some other single word or phrase used to define quantity,
e.g. "The old man had some CDs, a
few DVDs, a lot of video cassettes, one
hundred audio cassettes and half a
ton of LP records!" (See also partitives.) |
| Simile |
直喩 |
As
strong as a lion, as blind as a bat, as dead as a doornail, as good as
gold, as cool as a cucumber, as light as a feather, as heavy as lead, as
daft as a brush, etc. Although his wife has eyes like a hawk, he ate
like a horse, drank like a fish and then slept like a log. |
| Synonym |
同意語
|
big & large |
| Antonym |
反意語
|
big & small |
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| Preposition |
前置詞 |
A
preposition governs (and usually precedes) a noun or pronoun in order to
define its relationship to other words. Here below some categories and
examples: |
| Preposition
of time |
時間を表す前置詞 |
For
two years, since 1999, I've worked from
nine to five. I've always arrived in
time for work and finished by 5 o'clock. I
used to work until/till midnight, but now I
can relax before
going to bed, at weekends after 12 noon on
Saturdays, and during
my long summer holiday in July. |
| Preposition of location |
場所を表す前置詞 |
I
work in an office on
the 5th floor of the port authority building near
the River Thames. I sit at the back by
the window with a panoramic view over this
important shipping lane. My boss, the oldest among
us, sits in front of
me. His secretary works opposite him,
there's a junior clerk behind her and my
colleague Dan sits next to/beside me.
There's a filing cabinet between
the photocopier and the coffee machine, a clock above
the door and a wastepaper bin under each desk. The lunchroom is on the floor below ours. |
| Preposition
of movement |
動きや方向を表す前置詞 |
I
got into my car and drove from
Wall Street through Midtown Manhattan and
then along the expressway to Long Island. I got out
of my car at Montvale Race Track, where I got
on/onto a horse. I didn't have to get off
the horse because I was thrown from the
saddle! |
| Preposition
of means |
方法・手段を現す前置詞 |
You can go to
the Chinese restaurant by bus or on
foot, but you'll have to eat with
chopsticks! |
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| Conjunction |
接続詞 |
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Coordinating conjunction |
等位接続詞 |
Links two main
clauses or ideas of equal value: He's big and strong but
not so intelligent. She's both clever and
reliable. The weather is either too wet or
too windy. Frank is neither very rich nor
very poor. |
| Subordinating
conjunction |
従位接続詞 |
Introduces a subordinate
clause, i.e. one that cannot stand alone without the support of a
main clause. |
|
of time |
時間の従位接続詞
|
when,
whenever, while, as soon as, until, before, after, since |
|
of reason |
理由の従位接続詞
|
because, as,
since, so |
|
of
result |
結果の従位接続詞
|
so...that,
such...that |
|
of
purpose |
目的の従位接続詞
|
so that |
|
of
condition |
状況の従位接続詞
|
if, in
case, unless,
as long as |
|
of
contrast or concession |
対照や譲歩の従位接続詞
|
although,
even though |
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| Interjection |
感嘆詞 |
Oh dear! He's late again. Ah, here he is. Ouch,
that hurt! |
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| Number
(Numeral) |
数
(数詞)
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| Cardinal number/ numeral |
基数 /
基数詞
|
One, two, three, four, five, six... |
| Ordinal number/ numeral |
序数 /序数詞
|
First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth... |
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Syntax
統語
|
| Letter |
文字
|
|
| Small (lower case) |
小文字
|
abc...xyz |
| Capital (upper case) |
大文字
|
ABC...XYZ |
| Morpheme |
形態素
（自然言語の中でそれ以上分割することのできない最小の意味をもつ文字列のまとまり） |
The
smallest element of language that can convey meaning. For example, the
word bricklayer is made
up of three morphemes: brick, lay
and -er. |
| Affix |
接辞
|
An
element added to the beginning of a word (prefix) or end of a word
(suffix) to modify its meaning. |
| Prefix |
接頭辞
|
An unusual day. A disobedient
child. |
| Suffix |
接尾辞
|
The violinist played with the trumpeter. |
| Word |
語
|
The smallest meaningful element of
language. When written it stands alone with a space on either side of
it. (19 words) |
| Phrase |
句
|
Group of words forming a concept but not a sentence:
in a hurry; by
himself; head over heels;
day by day |
| Binomial
phrase |
２項目句
|
There
are restaurants here and there where ladies
and gentlemen can wine and dine
their friends and pick and choose from this
and that on the menu. |
| Clause |
文節
|
Part of a sentence
that includes a subject and predicate. |
| Main
clause |
主節
|
A
clause that could stand
independently and make sense on its own:
He apologized
because
he was late. |
| Subordinate clause |
従属節
|
A
clause that wouldn't make sense
without an accompanying main clause: He apologized because
he was late. |
| Relative
clause |
関係節
|
|
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Defining relative clause
|
制限用法関係節
|
The hotel (that) I stayed in was
rather old. |
|
Non-defining relative clause
|
非制限用法関係節
|
The hotel, which is quite famous, is going to close. |
|
Antecedent |
先行詞
|
The hotel
(that) you stayed in was more modern. |
| Sentence |
文
|
A sentence consists of at
least one clause, i.e. a subject
(which is sometimes only implied) and a predicate:
e.g. I walk. Go!
(=You go!) |
| Paragraph |
節
|
A paragraph
is a section in a piece of writing, usually highlighting a particular
point or topic. It always begins on a new line and usually with
indentation, and it consists of at least one sentence.
(This text constitutes a single
paragraph.)
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| Subject |
主語
|
He likes her. Going on vacation is fun. |
| Predicate |
述部（述語）
|
Pamela paints.
John lives
in a house by the river. |
| Object |
目的語
|
She likes him although she thinks that he's
crazy. |
| Direct object |
直接目的語
|
They gave Tommy a present on his birthday. |
| Indirect object |
間接目的語
|
They gave Tommy a present on his birthday. |
| Complement |
補語
|
He is a scientist. She seems amused. We
became tired. |
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| Speech |
話法
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|
| Direct
speech |
直接話法
|
"My
job is tough," she said. |
| Reported speech |
間接話法
|
She said (that) her job was tough. |
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| Question |
疑問文
|
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| Indirect question |
間接疑問文
|
Ask him what his name is! |
| Direct question |
直接疑問文
|
What's your name? |
| Tag question |
付加疑問文
|
You keep fit, don't you? You don't smoke, do you? |
| Rhetorical
question |
修辞疑問文
|
Question used
to make a statement rather than get an answer:
Who
cares? (= No one cares.)
Why bother? (=
It's
a waste of time.) |
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The
Moods
法
|
| Indicative mood |
直接法
|
The
earth is round (a simple statement of fact) |
| Imperative mood |
命令法
|
Save
money! Shave your head! |
| Subjunctive mood |
仮定法
|
|
Old
phrases and clichés
still in common use |
現在も使用されている古から
ある表現
|
Come
what may,... Be that
as it may,... God forbid!
Woe betide,...
Till death do us part,... |
Jussive
subjunctive
(In British English,
the optional inclusion of
should makes it easier.) |
|
AmE
I suggested that she go early.
She insisted that something be done about his
snoring. |
| BrE
I suggested that she (should) go early. She
insisted that something (should) be done
about his snoring. |
Hypothetical
subjunctive
(See type 2
conditional below!) |
|
If
I were you, I would see a doctor. |
as
if/as though
+ past subjunctive |
|
He
acts as if he owned the company.
She speaks as though she knew everything. |
it
is time
+ past subjunctive
(unreal past) |
|
It
is time we were leaving. |
| Conditional mood |
条件法
|
|
|
Type 1: probable
conditional
|
１：起こりうる
|
If I'm late I'll call you. |
|
Type
2: improbable conditional |
２：起こる可能性低い
|
If I had the time, I'd write a novel. |
| Type 3:
hypothetical conditional |
３：過去の事実とは異なる仮定
|
If I had gone to Las Vegas, I'd have lost all my money. |
| Type 4: zero
conditional |
４：中立
|
If she has a cold she goes to bed. |
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The
Tenses
時制
|
| Future
simple |
未来時制
|
She
will sleep soon. |
| Future continuous |
未来進行形
|
She
will be sleeping at 11 PM. |
| Future perfect |
未来完了形
|
At 7 AM she
will have slept for 8 hours. |
| Future perfect continuous |
未来完了進行形
|
By 5 AM she
will have been sleeping for 6 hours. |
| Present
simple |
現在時制
|
She sleeps well. |
| Present continuous |
現在進行形
|
She is
sleeping right now. |
| Present perfect |
現在完了形
|
She has slept well since she was a child. |
| Present perfect continuous |
現在完了進行形
|
Tonight she has been sleeping for two hours. |
| Past
simple |
過去時制
|
She slept for ten hours
last night. |
| Past continuous |
過去進行形
|
She was
sleeping when her husband came home. |
| Past perfect |
過去完了
|
This morning
he said she had
slept all night long. |
| Past perfect continuous |
過去完了進行形
|
She had been
sleeping when the alarm clock rang. |
|
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Pronunciation
発音
|
Received
pronunciation (RP) |
英国の標準発音
|
The clearly articulated
standard of British English that is prevalent among educated speakers in
southern England. |
| General American (GA) |
一般米語
|
The standard,
non-regional form of U.S. English |
| Phonetics |
音声学
|
The written
classification of spoken sounds. |
| Phonetic symbol |
発音記号
|
A symbol representing one
particular sound. |
| Phoneme |
音素
(言語の音声を構成する最小単位の要素のこと)
|
The
smallest phonetic element of language that can convey a distinction in
meaning, e.g. the 'l' in late, the 'd' in date and the 'g' in gate. |
| Vowel |
母音
|
a
e i o u |
| Consonant |
子音
|
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z |
| Syllable |
音節
|
Canada
has three syllables |
| Monophthong |
単母音
|
hat |
| Diphthong |
二重母音
|
hate |
| Homonym |
同音異義語
|
A word with
the same sound (homophone) or spelling (homograph) as another but with a
different meaning. |
|
Homophone |
同音字
|
I'll check
if the
Czech paid by cheque. |
|
Homograph |
同形異義語
|
Everyone at the fair had fair hair. It's
not fair! |
| Intonation |
抑揚 (イントネーション)
|
The rising and falling
of
your voice as you speak, especially when this conveys added meaning. |
| Stress |
強勢
|
The
accentuation of one particular word or syllable. |
| Word
stress |
単語に強勢を置く
|
She's
an English English teacher. |
| Syllable stress |
音節に強勢を置く
|
He's a photographer. |
|
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|
|
Style
文体
|
| Formal
style |
格式ばった様式
|
Your children must be collected from school. |
| Informal
style |
くだけた様式
|
You have to pick your kids up from school. |
| Idiom |
熟語
|
The taxi driver
took me for a ride (=
tricked
me). |
| Slang |
俗語
|
The
cops are coming! (= police officers) |
| Dialect |
方言
|
Language
variant spoken in a particular area, e.g. cockney in London's East
End or Geordie on Tyneside. |
| Vernacular |
地方語
|
Most
widely-spoken informal regional language variant. |
| Jargon |
特殊用語
|
I
had to reboot my computer after it crashed. |
| Terminology |
専門用語
|
He had her software on his hard
disk. |
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